Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

Tax return preparation

You're likely aware that staying ahead of tax obligations can be a daunting task, especially with regulations that seem to change with the wind. Instead, you'll provide us with the necessary documents, and we'll handle the rest. You're operating in a sphere where every decision impacts your tax obligations and overall financial health. Let's work together to achieve your financial goals.

Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Audit preparation

  1. Tax deductions and credits
  2. Tax deductions and credits
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  8. Tax deductions and credits
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  17. Tax deductions and credits
Let IBB Accounting & Tax Services be your partner in achieving financial success. Learn more about Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver here
IBB Accounting & Tax Services has built a reputation for excellence, with countless clients benefiting from their expertise in tax management. You can rest assured that your confidential information is in safe hands, allowing you to focus on growing your business or personal wealth with peace of mind. They understand that every dollar saved in taxes is a dollar that can be reinvested into your business. Learn more about North Vancouver Corporate Tax Experts here. We don't just prepare your taxes; we plan with you for future growth and stability.
IBB Accounting delves into investment strategies, retirement planning, and estate planning, ensuring you're not just saving taxes now but are setting yourself up for a financially secure future. Moreover, they're proactive. Whether you're grappling with personal tax returns or looking for comprehensive business tax solutions, we've got you covered. That means you can count on us to be there for you, year after year, adapting our strategies as your life and the tax laws change.
Diving into the tech world, IT professionals face unique tax challenges that IBB Accounting's tailored solutions can adeptly address.

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  • Accounting advisory services
  • Tax consultancy
  • Tax reporting requirements
  • Accounting internal controls
  • Income tax services
  • Tax planning
  • Tax filing services
  • Bookkeeping services
  • Financial risk management
  • Nonprofit accounting
  • Accounting consultancy
  • Accounting automation
  • Financial analysis
  • Estate tax planning
  • Accounting software training
  • QuickBooks accounting
  • Tax forms assistance
With specialized tax accountant services in Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver, you're equipped to navigate the complexities of currency exchange and investment markets with an eye toward financial optimization. At IBB Accounting in Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver, we specialize in uncovering every possible deduction for doctors, IT professionals, and contractors. Handling payroll can be a daunting task for small business owners, with its intricate regulations and the need for accuracy.

Implementing a robust inventory management system will help you avoid overstocking or stockouts, both of which can eat into your profits. With their expertise, you can avoid common pitfalls that many new businesses fall into. Cost control is another critical area. Another success story involves a tech startup facing complex tax regulations and needing financial direction to attract investors.

By empowering you with the right tools and knowledge, IBB Accounting & Tax Services ensures you're always moving forward, making decisions that foster growth and stability.

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  1. Payroll processing
  2. Accounting policies
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  4. Accounting review
  5. Tax dispute resolution
  6. Accounting risk assessment
  7. Tax filing deadlines
  8. Financial consulting
  9. Accounting ethics
  10. Accounting outsourcing
  11. Tax deadline management
  12. Corporate tax services
  13. Financial auditing
  14. Accounting firm
  15. Tax preparation software
  16. Financial accounting analysis
  17. Tax strategy
  18. Financial reporting
  19. Tax compliance
From choosing the right business structure to planning for significant expenditures or investments, IBB's team has the expertise to guide you. Financial planning With IBB Accounting, you're not just filing taxes; you're strategizing for your financial future.

This level of personal engagement ensures that you're not treated as just another file on the desk but as a valued individual with unique needs and goals. It's not just about saving you money now; it's about ensuring your financial growth and stability for years to come. Moreover, their commitment to clarity means you're never left in the dark about your taxes.

They're all about making sure your wealth grows, optimizing your assets in a way that supports both your immediate needs and your long-term aspirations. By analyzing your firm's financial activities and market position, these accountants pinpoint areas for improvement. You'll find that these testimonials aren't just words; they're reflections of real-life experiences that have genuinely impacted people's perspectives on tax filing.



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North Vancouver Tax Filing

In the 1880s, Arthur Heywood-Lonsdale and a relation James Pemberton Fell, made substantial investments through their company, Lonsdale Estates, and in 1882 he financed the Moodyville investments. Several locations in the North Vancouver area are named after Lonsdale and his family.

Citations and other links

Experienced Tax Professionals Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

At IBB Accounting, they believe in building relationships.

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  • Tax return preparation
  • Tax refund services
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They're not just about crunching numbers; they understand the nuances of tax laws and financial planning, ensuring you're always ahead of the game. They are not just an optional addition but a critical element for success. You can look forward to more personalized advice, leveraging data analytics to identify savings and growth opportunities specific to your business sector. This digital transformation is aimed at saving you time and reducing paperwork, so you can focus on what you do best-running your business.

Whether you're looking to minimize risks, enhance compliance, or simply gain a competitive edge, this specialized expertise could be the missing piece in your financial puzzle. Whether you're plotting the course for your personal financial journey or steering a business towards its goals, their expertise lights the way, enabling smarter, more strategic decisions. Understanding that no two businesses are alike, IBB Accounting & Tax Services offers customized solutions tailored specifically to meet your company's unique financial needs. IBB's approach is holistic, considering every angle of your financial picture.

Advisory services play a vital role in navigating complex regulatory landscapes, ensuring current compliance and readiness for future changes. Firstly, you've got to distinguish between initial franchise fees and ongoing royalties. They understand the complexities and ever-changing nature of tax laws, ensuring you're not missing out on potential savings or deductions. We then review your information, prepare your tax return, and discuss it with you before filing.

Whether it's optimizing business expenses, leveraging retirement savings plans, or navigating the complexities of self-employment taxes, we've got you covered. Understanding your unique financial landscape, IBB Accounting crafts tailored tax solutions that precisely fit your personal and business needs. Firstly, efficient tax planning is a cornerstone. With IBB Accounting, you're tapping into a wealth of knowledge and a commitment to excellence that sets us apart.

Experienced Tax Professionals Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver
Tax Optimization Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

Tax Optimization Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

Moreover, IBB Accounting keeps you compliant, avoiding penalties and audits by staying up-to-date with the latest tax laws and regulations. Investment decisions, too, become more informed. They're also expanding their digital footprint, making it easier for you to access your financial information and communicate with your accountant. That's why they're dedicated to breaking down the complexities, ensuring you're equipped with the knowledge to confidently manage your finances.

In essence, your Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver tax accountant is your ally in compliance and auditing, ensuring you're not just prepared, but ahead of the game. They understand that as a doctor, IT professional, or contractor, your financial landscape is unique. We also offer strategic advice to help optimize your financial performance.

It's easier than you might think!

Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Audit preparation

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With IBB Accounting & Tax Services by your side, you can approach tax season with confidence, knowing your business is in capable hands. With IBB Accounting & Tax Services, you're not just getting a service; you're gaining a partner dedicated to maximizing your financial health through strategic tax planning.

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  • Tax audits
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  • Accounting advisory
  • Tax advice for small businesses
  • Cost accounting
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  • Accounting records management
  • Business valuation
  • Personal tax returns
  • Tax compliance audits
  • Financial compliance
  • Accounting for freelancers
  • Corporate accounting
  • Tax planning for individuals
  • Bookkeeping accuracy
  • Tax credits consulting
  • Tax deduction maximization


Whether you're taking on new projects, considering a big purchase, or planning for your family's future, IBB is there to ensure your tax plan adapts with you.

Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Tax advice

  1. Financial consulting
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  4. Tax deadline management
  5. Corporate tax services
  6. Financial auditing
  7. Accounting firm
  8. Tax preparation software
  9. Financial accounting analysis
  10. Tax strategy
  11. Financial reporting
  12. Tax compliance
  13. Tax payment assistance
  14. Tax penalty mitigation
  15. Forensic accounting
  16. Tax consulting for businesses
  17. Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
In a world where quills have been traded for calculators, local businesses in Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver find a steadfast ally in IBB Accounting, the premier tax accountant services provider in the area. With their expertise, they help you set clear, achievable goals, and then guide you on the path to reaching them.

Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver Income Tax Services

They're committed to helping you achieve your goals, providing the clarity and confidence you need to make informed decisions about your financial future. You're not just another client to them; you're a part of the Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver business community they're committed to supporting. This approach allows for adjustments in strategy as your business evolves and as tax laws change. Each award we've received serves as a milestone, a reminder of our journey towards excellence and the trust you've placed in us. We understand that each business and individual has unique challenges and aspirations, and we're here to listen, advise, and support you every step of the way.

These services aren't just about crunching numbers; they're about giving you a competitive edge.

Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Financial planning

  1. Internal audit
  2. Management accounting
  3. Tax audits
  4. Cash flow management
  5. Tax document preparation
  6. Accounting advisory
  7. Tax advice for small businesses
  8. Cost accounting
  9. Tax deductions and credits
  10. Accounting records management
  11. Business valuation
  12. Personal tax returns
  13. Tax compliance audits
  14. Financial compliance
  15. Accounting for freelancers
  16. Corporate accounting
  17. Tax planning for individuals
  18. Bookkeeping accuracy
  19. Tax credits consulting
  20. Tax deduction maximization
Whether you're a doctor navigating complex healthcare deductions, an IT professional juggling freelance and full-time income, or a contractor managing project-based finances, we've got you covered. To us, you're a partner in this financial journey. They're not just looking at the next quarter; they're planning for your success years down the line.

They'll help you identify cost-saving opportunities and make informed decisions that boost your bottom line. Imagine having a partner who not only navigates the complexities of tax legislation for you but also anticipates the financial landscapes you might encounter.

Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Tax deductions and credits

    This engagement demonstrates their commitment to the community's well-being beyond the balance sheets. Your business could be the next success story.

    Contractors, meanwhile, have a range of potential deductions from tools to vehicle expenses. Moreover, IBB Accounting stays abreast of the latest tax laws and regulations, ensuring that your filings aren't only compliant but optimized for your benefit. You won't have to worry about missing a regulation or falling behind on new tax obligations. Payroll processing This means you're not just saving time; you're also minimizing the risk of human error, ensuring your financial data is precise and reliable.

    Tax audit representation
    Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver Income Tax Services
    Local Tax Accountant Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver
    Local Tax Accountant Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

    Through pension planning and retirement strategies, we ensure that you're not just financially stable today, but well-prepared for tomorrow. These services offer strategic insights that go beyond basic number crunching, safeguarding and propelling your business forward. Let's help you navigate the tax landscape with ease and confidence.

    Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Business accounting

    • Tax return preparation
    • Payroll services
    • Tax law expertise
    • Tax preparation
    • Business financial statements
    • Tax refund services
    • Accounting process improvement
    • Financial reporting standards
    • Accounting training
    • Tax compliance management
    • International tax accounting
    • Financial data analysis
    • Accounting compliance
    • Accounting software support
    • Accounting for partnerships
    • Financial planning
    • Accounting regulations
    • Tax audit representation
    • Audit and assurance
    By working closely with a specialized tax accountant, you're not just ensuring compliance; you're leveraging their expertise to craft strategies that align with your specific business model, whether you're in currency exchange, investment, or both. Their services extend to estate planning, succession planning, and risk management, ensuring that every aspect of your financial well-being is considered.
    Ensuring compliance and managing risks are critical components of your firm's financial health, especially in the complex arenas of currency exchange and investment. At IBB, it's not just about submitting your tax return; it's about offering you a holistic approach to your financial well-being. You'll find that our assistance extends beyond the typical tax season scramble. Your trust is important to us, and we work hard to earn it.
    This is their pledge to Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver's diverse business community: your growth is their priority. Read more about Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver here We're here to guide you through every step, from identifying potential tax deductions and credits that can save your business significant money to ensuring your filings are accurate and compliant with the latest tax laws. You'll appreciate the ease and efficiency with which you can manage your finances, allowing you more time to focus on growing your business. You're not just another file on our desk.
    Another key aspect is recognizing the importance of compliant financial reporting. They'll navigate the audit process, addressing queries and providing the necessary documentation, all while working to minimize any potential financial impact. Financial controls Accounting standards compliance With a keen eye on the future, IBB Accounting doesn't just crunch numbers; they strategize. Your success is our success, and we take pride in helping you achieve your financial objectives.



    Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Tax audit representation

    1. Corporate accounting
    2. Tax deductions and credits
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    8. Tax deductions and credits
    9. Corporate accounting
    10. Tax deductions and credits
    11. Corporate accounting
    12. Tax deductions and credits
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    Tax Preparation for Self-Employed Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

    They take the time to understand your unique situation, applying their seasoned expertise to tailor strategies that not only meet but exceed your expectations. At IBB Accounting & Tax Services, we understand that each business and professional has unique financial dynamics. You won't have to worry about missing deadlines or overlooking important details. Instead, they tailor their wealth optimization strategies to fit your individual needs, ensuring that every dollar you earn works as hard as you do. This might involve adjusting your investment portfolio, diversifying your currency exchange tactics, or implementing more robust financial controls.

    Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Business accounting

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    When you're navigating the complexities of tax laws and financial statements, you don't just want any accountant-you need a partner who understands the unique challenges and opportunities your business faces.

    Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Tax deductions and credits

    1. Forensic accounting
    2. Tax consulting for businesses
    3. Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
    4. Budgeting and forecasting
    5. Tax refund claims
    6. Small business accounting
    7. Tax resolution services
    8. Bookkeeping and payroll
    9. Government tax filings
    10. Investment accounting
    11. Accounting services for startups
    12. Audit preparation
    13. Tax saving strategies
    14. Payroll tax compliance
    15. Business tax preparation
    16. Accounting standards
    17. Internal audit
    18. Management accounting
    19. Tax audits
    20. Cash flow management
    Moreover, they're proactive in advising you on how to structure your expenses strategically. They'll also offer insights into cash flow management, helping you to maintain a healthy balance between your receivables and payables.

    Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver - Tax audit representation

    • Tax return preparation
    • Payroll services
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    • Business financial statements
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    • Accounting process improvement
    • Financial reporting standards
    • Accounting training
    • Tax compliance management
    • International tax accounting
    • Financial data analysis
    • Accounting compliance
    • Accounting software support
    • Payroll processing
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    While compliance is simplified for all, IBB Accounting also offers specialized services for start-ups and entrepreneurs, ensuring your new business starts on the right financial footing.

    Explore Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver here
    Tax Preparation for Self-Employed Tax Preparation for Families North Vancouver

     

    North Vancouver
    The Corporation of the City of North Vancouver
    Nickname: 
    North Van
    Location of the City of North Vancouver in Metro Vancouver
    Location of the City of North Vancouver in Metro Vancouver
    Coordinates: 49°19′N 123°4′W / 49.317°N 123.067°W / 49.317; -123.067
    Country Canada
    Province British Columbia
    Regional district Metro Vancouver
    Incorporated May 13, 1907[1]
    Seat North Vancouver City Hall
    Government
     • Type Mayor-council government
     • Mayor Linda Buchanan
     • Council
    List of councillors
     • MP Jonathan Wilkinson (Liberal)
     • MLA Bowinn Ma (BC NDP)
    Area
     • Land 11.83 km2 (4.57 sq mi)
    Elevation
     
    80 m (260 ft)
    Population
     (2021)[3]
     • Total
    58,120
     • Estimate 
    (2023)[4]
    64,847
     • Density 4,913.0/km2 (12,725/sq mi)
    Demonym North Vancouverite
    Time zone UTC-8 (PST)
     • Summer (DST) UTC-7 (PDT)
    Forward sortation area
    Area codes 604, 778, 236, 672
    Website cnv.org Edit this at Wikidata

    The City of North Vancouver is a city municipality on the North Shore of the Burrard Inlet, in British Columbia, Canada. Anchored by the downtown town centre of Lonsdale, with which its urban core is largely synonymous, it consists of the smallest and most urbanized of the communities situated north of the city of Vancouver, and is part of the Metro Vancouver regional district, though it has significant industry of its own – including shipping, chemical production, and film production. The city is served by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, British Columbia Ambulance Service, and the North Vancouver City Fire Department.

    History

    [edit]

    In the 1880s, Arthur Heywood-Lonsdale and a relation James Pemberton Fell, made substantial investments through their company, Lonsdale Estates, and in 1882 he financed the Moodyville investments. Several locations in the North Vancouver area are named after Lonsdale and his family.[5]

    Not long after the District of North Vancouver was formed, an early land developer and second reeve of the new council, James Cooper Keith, personally underwrote a loan[6] to commence construction of a road which undulated from West Vancouver to Deep Cove amid the slashed sidehills, swamps, and burnt stumps. The road, sometimes under different names and not always contiguous, is still one of the most important east-west thoroughfare carrying traffic across the North Shore.

    Development was slow at the outset. The population of the district in the 1901 census was only 365 people.[6] Keith joined Edwin Mahon and together they controlled North Vancouver Land & Improvement Company. Soon the pace of development around the foot of Lonsdale began to pick up. The first school was opened in 1902. The district was able to build a municipal hall in 1903 and actually have meetings in North Vancouver (instead of in Vancouver where most of the landowners lived).[citation needed] The first bank and first newspaper arrived in 1905. In 1906 the BC Electric Railway Company opened up a street car line that extended from the ferry wharf up Lonsdale to 12th Street. By 1911 the streetcar system extended west to the Capilano River and east to Lynn Valley.[citation needed]

    The owners of businesses who operated on Lonsdale, as part of an initiative led by Keith and Mahon, brought a petition to the district council in 1905, calling for a new, compact city to be carved out of the unwieldy district.[citation needed]

    During the ensuing two years there was much and sometimes heated debate. Some thought the new city should have a new name such as Northport, Hillmont or Parkhill. Burrard became the favourite of the new names but majority view was that North Vancouver remain in order to remain associated with the rising credibility of Vancouver in financial markets and as a place to attract immigrants.[7]

    Some thought the boundary of the new city should reflect geography and extend from Lynn Creek or Seymour River west to the Capilano River and extend three miles up the mountainside.[citation needed] That the boundary of the city which came into existence in 1907 just happened to match that of the lands owned by the North Vancouver Land & Improvement Company and Lonsdale Estate was no accident. Since the motivation for creating the city was to reserve local tax revenue for the work of putting in services for the property owned by the major developers, there was little reason to take on any of the burden beyond the extent of their holdings.[citation needed]

    Residents in west part of the District of North Vancouver now had less reason to be connected with what remained and they petitioned to create the District of West Vancouver (the west part of the North Shore, not the west side of Vancouver) in 1912.[citation needed] The eastern boundary of that new municipality is for the most part the Capilano River and a community that is easily distinguished from the two North Vancouvers has since developed.

    Keith Road looking west, with Hollyburn Mtn in the distance

    The City of North Vancouver continued to grow around the foot of Lonsdale Avenue. Serviced by the North Vancouver Ferries, it proved a popular area. Commuters used the ferries to work in Vancouver. Street cars and early land speculation, spurred interest in the area. Streets, city blocks and houses were slowly built around lower Lonsdale. Wallace Shipyards, and the Pacific Great Eastern Railway provided an industrial base, although, the late arrival of the Second Narrows railway bridge in 1925 controlled development.

    City of North Vancouver as seen from Upper Lonsdale

    The Depression again bankrupted the city, while the Second World War turned North Vancouver into the Clydeside of Canada with a large shipbuilding program. Housing the shipyard workers provided a new building boom, which continued on through the post-war years. By that time, North Vancouver became a popular housing area.

    Geography

    [edit]
    Main thoroughfare Lonsdale Avenue with Mount Fromme in the background

    The City of North Vancouver is separated from Vancouver by the Burrard Inlet, and it is surrounded on three sides by the District of North Vancouver. The city has much in common with the district and with West Vancouver; together, the three are commonly referred to as the North Shore.

    The City of North Vancouver is relatively densely populated with a number of residential high-rise buildings in the Central Lonsdale and Lower Lonsdale areas.

    The North Shore mountains have many drainages: Capilano River, MacKay, Mosquito, and Lynn Creeks, and Seymour River.

    Climate

    [edit]

    North Vancouver has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) with cool, rainy winters and dry, warm summers.

    Climate data for North Vancouver (N Vancouver 2ND Narrows) (Elevation: 4m) 1981−2010
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 262.2
    (10.32)
    172.3
    (6.78)
    168.4
    (6.63)
    136.3
    (5.37)
    103.3
    (4.07)
    82.5
    (3.25)
    53.2
    (2.09)
    54.9
    (2.16)
    76.8
    (3.02)
    189.0
    (7.44)
    293.4
    (11.55)
    238.6
    (9.39)
    1,830.8
    (72.08)
    Average rainfall mm (inches) 255.3
    (10.05)
    167.7
    (6.60)
    166.8
    (6.57)
    136.1
    (5.36)
    103.3
    (4.07)
    82.5
    (3.25)
    53.2
    (2.09)
    54.9
    (2.16)
    76.8
    (3.02)
    189.0
    (7.44)
    290.2
    (11.43)
    229.9
    (9.05)
    1,805.6
    (71.09)
    Average snowfall cm (inches) 6.9
    (2.7)
    5.2
    (2.0)
    1.6
    (0.6)
    0.2
    (0.1)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.1
    (0.0)
    2.3
    (0.9)
    8.7
    (3.4)
    24.9
    (9.8)
    Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 20.5 15.5 18.0 15.4 13.8 11.7 7.4 6.7 9.6 16.1 20.9 20.3 175.9
    Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 19.7 15.1 17.9 15.4 13.8 11.7 7.4 6.7 9.6 16.0 20.7 19.6 173.5
    Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 1.7 0.92 0.54 0.12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.72 2.2 6.2
    Source: Environment Canada (normals, 1981−2010)[8]

    Politics

    [edit]
    Mayor Linda Buchanan (2018, 2022)
    Councillors Holly Back (2018, 2022), Don Bell (2011, 2014, 2018, 2022), Angela Girard (2018, 2022), Jessica McIlroy (2018, 2022), Tony Valente (2018, 2022), Shervin Shahriari (2022)
    Provincial MLA Bowinn Ma (North Vancouver-Lonsdale)
    MP Jonathan Wilkinson (North Vancouver)

    Sites of interest

    [edit]

    The area around lower Lonsdale Avenue features several open community spaces, including Waterfront Park, Lonsdale Quay, Ship Builders Square and the Burrard Dry Dock Pier.

    Other sites of interest in the city include:[9][10][11]

    • Centennial Theatre, 2300 Lonsdale Avenue
    • First Church of Christ, Scientist, a local heritage site
    • The Museum and Archives of North Vancouver
    • The Polygon Gallery
    • Presentation House Theatre, 333 Chesterfield Avenue
    • St. Edmund's Church, 535 Mahon Avenue, a local heritage site
    • Trans Canada Trail Pavilion, Waterfront Park
    • The Shipyards, near Lonsdale Quay, which includes Ship Builders Square and the Burrard Dry Dock Pier, on the site of the old Wallace Shipyard
    • Lonsdale Quay Market, easily accessible from the Seabus. The Quay has a view of Vancouver's skyline and is locally owned and operated.

    Transportation

    [edit]
    Lonsdale Avenue at 13th Street is a major intersection of Central Lonsdale.

    The City of North Vancouver is connected to Vancouver by two highway bridges (the Lions Gate Bridge and the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing) and by a passenger ferry, the SeaBus. That system and the bus system in North Vancouver is operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company, an operating company of TransLink. The hub of the bus system is Lonsdale Quay, the location of the SeaBus terminal. Currently, there is no rail transit service on the North Shore.

    The main street in the city is Lonsdale Avenue, which begins at Lonsdale Quay and goes north to 29th Street, where it continues in the District of North Vancouver, ending at Rockland Road.

    Highway 1, the Trans-Canada Highway (often referred to as the "Upper Levels Highway") passes through the northern portion of the city. It is a freeway for its entire length within the City of North Vancouver. There are six interchanges on Highway 1 within the City of North Vancouver:

    • Main Street/Dollarton Highway (Exit 23)
    • Mountain Highway and Mt Seymour Parkway (Exit 21/22)
    • Lynn Valley Road (Exit 19)
    • Lonsdale Avenue (Exit 18)
    • Westview Drive (Exit 17)
    • Capilano Road (Exit 14)

    Education

    [edit]

    Public schools are managed by the North Vancouver School District, which operates 8 high schools and 30 elementary schools shared by the city and the District of North Vancouver.

    The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one Francophone school in that city: école André-Piolat, which has both primary and secondary levels.[12]

    There are also several independent private elementary and high schools in the area, including Bodwell High School and Lions Gate Christian Academy.

    Post-secondary education is available at Capilano University in the district, as well as at Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia in neighbouring communities.

    Demographics

    [edit]
    Historical populations
    Year Pop. ±%
    1911 8,196 —    
    1921 7,652 −6.6%
    1931 8,510 +11.2%
    1941 8,914 +4.7%
    1951 15,687 +76.0%
    1961 23,656 +50.8%
    1971 31,847 +34.6%
    1981 33,640 +5.6%
    1991 41,475 +23.3%
    2001 44,303 +6.8%
    2006 45,165 +1.9%
    2011 48,196 +6.7%
    2016 52,898 +9.8%
    2021 58,120 +9.9%

    In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, North Vancouver had a population of 58,120 living in 27,293 of its 29,021 total private dwellings, a change of 9.9% from its 2016 population of 52,898. With a land area of 11.83 km2 (4.57 sq mi), it had a population density of 4,912.9/km2 (12,724.4/sq mi) in 2021.[3]

    As of the 2011 census, the median age was 41.2 years old, which is a bit higher than the national median age at 40.6 years old. There are 24,206 private dwellings with an occupancy rate of 94.1%. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the median value of a dwelling in North Vancouver is $599,985 which is significantly higher than the national average at $280,552. The median household income (after-taxes) in North Vancouver is $52,794, a bit lower than the national average at $54,089.

    Ethnicity

    [edit]

    North Vancouver has one of the highest Middle Eastern[a] population ratios for any Canadian city at 11.3% as of 2021, with the vast majority being Persian.[13]

    Panethnic groups in the City of North Vancouver (2001−2021)
    Panethnic
    group
    2021[13] 2016[14] 2011[15] 2006[16] 2001[17]
    Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
    European[b] 35,420 61.59% 34,695 66.48% 32,800 68.78% 32,160 71.69% 32,960 75.03%
    Middle Eastern[a] 6,510 11.32% 4,575 8.77% 3,655 7.66% 3,155 7.03% 3,015 6.86%
    East Asian[c] 5,195 9.03% 4,260 8.16% 3,775 7.92% 3,995 8.91% 3,255 7.41%
    Southeast Asian[d] 4,220 7.34% 3,715 7.12% 3,470 7.28% 2,150 4.79% 1,650 3.76%
    South Asian 2,100 3.65% 1,840 3.53% 1,475 3.09% 1,340 2.99% 980 2.23%
    Indigenous 1,230 2.14% 1,150 2.2% 970 2.03% 925 2.06% 1,015 2.31%
    Latin American 1,210 2.1% 840 1.61% 585 1.23% 430 0.96% 470 1.07%
    African 550 0.96% 485 0.93% 390 0.82% 315 0.7% 315 0.72%
    Other[e] 1,075 1.87% 630 1.21% 575 1.21% 385 0.86% 275 0.63%
    Total responses 57,505 98.94% 52,185 98.65% 47,685 98.94% 44,860 99.32% 43,930 99.16%
    Total population 58,120 100% 52,898 100% 48,196 100% 45,165 100% 44,303 100%
    • Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
     

    Languages

    [edit]

    Mother languages as reported by each person:

    Canada 2021 Census[13]
    Mother language Population % of Total Population % of Non-official language Population
    English 35,520 61.4% N/A
    Persian 5,760 10.0% 31.1%
    Tagalog 1,675 2.9% 9.0%
    Chinese Languages 1,670 2.9% 9.0%
    Spanish 1,245 2.2% 6.7%
    Korean 1,135 6.1% 6.1%
    French 980 1.7% N/A
    German 575 1.0% 3.1%

    3.1% of North Vancouver residents listed both English and a non-official language as mother tongues.

    Religion

    [edit]

    According to the 2021 census, religious groups in North Vancouver included:[13]

    Notes

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
    2. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
    3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
    4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
    5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ "CivicInfo BC | Municipality: North Vancouver (City)". www.civicinfo.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
    2. ^ "Mayor & Council | City of North Vancouver". www.cnv.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
    3. ^ a b c "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - North Vancouver, City (CY) [Census subdivision], British Columbia". Statistics Canada. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
    4. ^ Services, Ministry of Citizens'. "Population Estimates - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
    5. ^ Canada North Shore News
    6. ^ a b Francis, Daniel (2016). Where Mountains Meet the Sea. Harbour Publishing Co. P.O. Box 219, Madeira Park, BC V0N 2H0: Harbour Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-55017-751-0.cite book: CS1 maint: location (link)
    7. ^ Sommer, Warren (2007). The Ambitious City: A History of the City of North Vancouver. Madeira Park, BC V0N 2H0: Harbour Publishing. pp. 64, 83, 93, 94. ISBN 978-1-55017-411-3.cite book: CS1 maint: location (link)
    8. ^ "N VANCOUVER 2ND NARROWS]". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
    9. ^ "HistoricPlaces.ca - Recherche". www.historicplaces.ca. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
    10. ^ "Attractions in North Vancouver". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
    11. ^ "Primary Buildings". Archived from the original on 19 August 2007.
    12. ^ "Carte des écoles Archived 17 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine." Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique. Retrieved on 22 January 2015.
    13. ^ a b c d Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
    14. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
    15. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
    16. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
    17. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
    [edit]

     

     

    Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the process of recording and processing information about economic entities, such as businesses and corporations.[1][2] Accounting measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.[3] Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used interchangeably.[4]

    Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, tax accounting and cost accounting.[5] Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information, including the preparation of financial statements, to the external users of the information, such as investors, regulators and suppliers.[6] Management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information for internal use by management to enhance business operations.[1][6] The recording of financial transactions, so that summaries of the financials may be presented in financial reports, is known as bookkeeping, of which double-entry bookkeeping is the most common system.[7] Accounting information systems are designed to support accounting functions and related activities.

    Accounting has existed in various forms and levels of sophistication throughout human history. The double-entry accounting system in use today was developed in medieval Europe, particularly in Venice, and is usually attributed to the Italian mathematician and Franciscan friar Luca Pacioli.[8] Today, accounting is facilitated by accounting organizations such as standard-setters, accounting firms and professional bodies. Financial statements are usually audited by accounting firms,[9] and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).[6] GAAP is set by various standard-setting organizations such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States[1] and the Financial Reporting Council in the United Kingdom. As of 2012, "all major economies" have plans to converge towards or adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).[10][11]

    History

    [edit]
    Portrait of Luca Pacioli, painted by Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495 (Museo di Capodimonte)

    Accounting is thousands of years old and can be traced to ancient civilizations.[12][13][14] One early development of accounting dates back to ancient Mesopotamia and is closely related to developments in writing, counting and money;[12] there is also evidence of early forms of bookkeeping in ancient Iran,[15][16] and early auditing systems by the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians.[13] By the time of Emperor Augustus, the Roman government had access to detailed financial information.[17]

    Many concepts related to today's accounting seem to be initiated in medieval's Middle East. For example, Jewish communities used double-entry bookkeeping in the early-medieval period[18][19] and Muslim societies, at least since the 10th century also used many modern accounting concepts.[20]

    The spread of the use of Arabic numerals, instead of the Roman numbers historically used in Europe, increased efficiency of accounting procedures among Mediterranean merchants,[21] who further refined accounting in medieval Europe.[22] With the development of joint-stock companies, accounting split into financial accounting and management accounting.

    The first published work on a double-entry bookkeeping system was the Summa de arithmetica, published in Italy in 1494 by Luca Pacioli (the "Father of Accounting").[23][24] Accounting began to transition into an organized profession in the nineteenth century,[25][26] with local professional bodies in England merging to form the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales in 1880.[27]

    Etymology

    [edit]
    Early 19th-century ledger

    Both the words "accounting" and "accountancy" were in use in Great Britain by the mid-1800s and are derived from the words accompting and accountantship used in the 18th century.[28] In Middle English (used roughly between the 12th and the late 15th century), the verb "to account" had the form accounten, which was derived from the Old French word aconter,[29] which is in turn related to the Vulgar Latin word computare, meaning "to reckon". The base of computare is putare, which "variously meant to prune, to purify, to correct an account, hence, to count or calculate, as well as to think".[29]

    The word "accountant" is derived from the French word compter, which is also derived from the Italian and Latin word computare. The word was formerly written in English as "accomptant", but in process of time the word, which was always pronounced by dropping the "p", became gradually changed both in pronunciation and in orthography to its present form.[30]

    Terminology

    [edit]

    Accounting has variously been defined as the keeping or preparation of the financial records of transactions of the firm, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and "the principles and procedures of accounting"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant.[31][32][33]

    Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant,[34][35][36] particularly in British English.[31][32]

    Topics

    [edit]

    Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems.[5]

    Financial accounting

    [edit]

    Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).[6] GAAP, in turn, arises from the wide agreement between accounting theory and practice, and changes over time to meet the needs of decision-makers.[1]

    Financial accounting produces past-oriented reports—for example financial statements are often published six to ten months after the end of the accounting period—on an annual or quarterly basis, generally about the organization as a whole.[6]

    Management accounting

    [edit]

    Management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information that can help managers in making decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. In management accounting, internal measures and reports are based on cost–benefit analysis, and are not required to follow the generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP).[6] In 2014 CIMA created the Global Management Accounting Principles (GMAPs). The result of research from across 20 countries in five continents, the principles aim to guide best practice in the discipline.[37]

    Management accounting produces past-oriented reports with time spans that vary widely, but it also encompasses future-oriented reports such as budgets. Management accounting reports often include financial and non financial information, and may, for example, focus on specific products and departments.[6]

    Intercompany accounting

    [edit]

    Intercompany accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information between separate entities that are related, such as a parent company and its subsidiary companies. Intercompany accounting concerns record keeping of transactions between companies that have common ownership such as a parent company and a partially or wholly owned subsidiary. Intercompany transactions are also recorded in accounting when business is transacted between companies with a common parent company (subsidiaries).[38][39]

    Auditing

    [edit]

    Auditing is the verification of assertions made by others regarding a payoff,[40] and in the context of accounting it is the "unbiased examination and evaluation of the financial statements of an organization".[41] Audit is a professional service that is systematic and conventional.[42]

    An audit of financial statements aims to express or disclaim an independent opinion on the financial statements. The auditor expresses an independent opinion on the fairness with which the financial statements presents the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of an entity, in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and "in all material respects". An auditor is also required to identify circumstances in which the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have not been consistently observed.[43]

    Information systems

    [edit]

    An accounting information system is a part of an organization's information system used for processing accounting data.[44] Many corporations use artificial intelligence-based information systems. The banking and finance industry uses AI in fraud detection. The retail industry uses AI for customer services. AI is also used in the cybersecurity industry. It involves computer hardware and software systems using statistics and modeling.[45]

    Many accounting practices have been simplified with the help of accounting computer-based software. An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is commonly used for a large organisation and it provides a comprehensive, centralized, integrated source of information that companies can use to manage all major business processes, from purchasing to manufacturing to human resources. These systems can be cloud based and available on demand via application or browser, or available as software installed on specific computers or local servers, often referred to as on-premise.

    Tax accounting

    [edit]

    Tax accounting in the United States concentrates on the preparation, analysis and presentation of tax payments and tax returns. The U.S. tax system requires the use of specialised accounting principles for tax purposes which can differ from the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for financial reporting.[46] U.S. tax law covers four basic forms of business ownership: sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and limited liability company. Corporate and personal income are taxed at different rates, both varying according to income levels and including varying marginal rates (taxed on each additional dollar of income) and average rates (set as a percentage of overall income).[46]

    Forensic accounting

    [edit]

    Forensic accounting is a specialty practice area of accounting that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated disputes or litigation.[47] "Forensic" means "suitable for use in a court of law", and it is to that standard and potential outcome that forensic accountants generally have to work.

    Political campaign accounting

    [edit]

    Political campaign accounting deals with the development and implementation of financial systems and the accounting of financial transactions in compliance with laws governing political campaign operations. This branch of accounting was first formally introduced in the March 1976 issue of The Journal of Accountancy.[48]

    Organizations

    [edit]

    Professional bodies

    [edit]

    Professional accounting bodies include the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the other 179 members of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC),[49] including Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS), Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), CPA Australia, Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW). Some countries have a single professional accounting body and, in some other countries, professional bodies for subfields of the accounting professions also exist, for example the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) in the UK and Institute of management accountants in the United States.[50] Many of these professional bodies offer education and training including qualification and administration for various accounting designations, such as certified public accountant (AICPA) and chartered accountant.[51][52]

    Firms

    [edit]

    Depending on its size, a company may be legally required to have their financial statements audited by a qualified auditor, and audits are usually carried out by accounting firms.[9]

    Accounting firms grew in the United States and Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and through several mergers there were large international accounting firms by the mid-twentieth century. Further large mergers in the late twentieth century led to the dominance of the auditing market by the "Big Five" accounting firms: Arthur Andersen, Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers.[53] The demise of Arthur Andersen following the Enron scandal reduced the Big Five to the Big Four.[54]

    Standard-setters

    [edit]

    Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are accounting standards issued by national regulatory bodies. In addition, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issues the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) implemented by 147 countries.[1] Standards for international audit and assurance, ethics, education, and public sector accounting are all set by independent standard settings boards supported by IFAC. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board sets international standards for auditing, assurance, and quality control; the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA)[55] sets the internationally appropriate principles-based Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants; the International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB) sets professional accounting education standards;[56] and International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) sets accrual-based international public sector accounting standards.[57][4]

    Organizations in individual countries may issue accounting standards unique to the countries. For example, in Australia, the Australian Accounting Standards Board manages the issuance of the accounting standards in line with IFRS. In the United States the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issues the Statements of Financial Accounting Standards, which form the basis of US GAAP,[1] and in the United Kingdom the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) sets accounting standards.[58] However, as of 2012 "all major economies" have plans to converge towards or adopt the IFRS.[10]

    Education, training and qualifications

    [edit]

    Degrees

    [edit]

    At least a bachelor's degree in accounting or a related field is required for most accountant and auditor job positions, and some employers prefer applicants with a master's degree.[59] A degree in accounting may also be required for, or may be used to fulfill the requirements for, membership to professional accounting bodies. For example, the education during an accounting degree can be used to fulfill the American Institute of CPA's (AICPA) 150 semester hour requirement,[60] and associate membership with the Certified Public Accountants Association of the UK is available after gaining a degree in finance or accounting.[61]

    A doctorate is required in order to pursue a career in accounting academia, for example, to work as a university professor in accounting.[62][63] The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) are the most popular degrees. The PhD is the most common degree for those wishing to pursue a career in academia, while DBA programs generally focus on equipping business executives for business or public careers requiring research skills and qualifications.[62]

    Professional qualifications

    [edit]

    Professional accounting qualifications include the chartered accountant designations and other qualifications including certificates and diplomas.[64] In Scotland, chartered accountants of ICAS undergo Continuous Professional Development and abide by the ICAS code of ethics.[65] In England and Wales, chartered accountants of the ICAEW undergo annual training, and are bound by the ICAEW's code of ethics and subject to its disciplinary procedures.[66]

    In the United States, the requirements for joining the AICPA as a Certified Public Accountant are set by the Board of Accountancy of each state, and members agree to abide by the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct and Bylaws.

    The ACCA is the largest global accountancy body with over 320,000 members, and the organisation provides an 'IFRS stream' and a 'UK stream'. Students must pass a total of 14 exams, which are arranged across three levels.[67]

    Research

    [edit]

    Accounting research is research in the effects of economic events on the process of accounting, the effects of reported information on economic events, and the roles of accounting in organizations and society.[68][69] It encompasses a broad range of research areas including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing and taxation.[70]

    Accounting research is carried out both by academic researchers and practicing accountants. Methodologies in academic accounting research include archival research, which examines "objective data collected from repositories"; experimental research, which examines data "the researcher gathered by administering treatments to subjects"; analytical research, which is "based on the act of formally modeling theories or substantiating ideas in mathematical terms"; interpretive research, which emphasizes the role of language, interpretation and understanding in accounting practice, "highlighting the symbolic structures and taken-for-granted themes which pattern the world in distinct ways"; critical research, which emphasizes the role of power and conflict in accounting practice; case studies; computer simulation; and field research.[71][72]

    Empirical studies document that leading accounting journals publish in total fewer research articles than comparable journals in economics and other business disciplines,[73] and consequently, accounting scholars[74] are relatively less successful in academic publishing than their business school peers.[75] Due to different publication rates between accounting and other business disciplines, a recent study based on academic author rankings concludes that the competitive value of a single publication in a top-ranked journal is highest in accounting and lowest in marketing.[76]

    Scandals

    [edit]

    The year 2001 witnessed a series of financial information frauds involving Enron, auditing firm Arthur Andersen, the telecommunications company WorldCom, Qwest and Sunbeam, among other well-known corporations. These problems highlighted the need to review the effectiveness of accounting standards, auditing regulations and corporate governance principles. In some cases, management manipulated the figures shown in financial reports to indicate a better economic performance. In others, tax and regulatory incentives encouraged over-leveraging of companies and decisions to bear extraordinary and unjustified risk.[77]

    The Enron scandal deeply influenced the development of new regulations to improve the reliability of financial reporting, and increased public awareness about the importance of having accounting standards that show the financial reality of companies and the objectivity and independence of auditing firms.[77]

    In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history, the Enron scandal undoubtedly is the biggest audit failure[78] causing the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which at the time was one of the five largest accounting firms in the world. After a series of revelations involving irregular accounting procedures conducted throughout the 1990s, Enron filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in December 2001.[79]

    One consequence of these events was the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act in the United States in 2002, as a result of the first admissions of fraudulent behavior made by Enron. The act significantly raises criminal penalties for securities fraud, for destroying, altering or fabricating records in federal investigations or any scheme or attempt to defraud shareholders.[80]

    Fraud and error

    [edit]

    Accounting fraud is an intentional misstatement or omission in the accounting records by management or employees which involves the use of deception. It is a criminal act and a breach of civil tort. It may involve collusion with third parties.[81]

    An accounting error is an unintentional misstatement or omission in the accounting records, for example misinterpretation of facts, mistakes in processing data, or oversights leading to incorrect estimates.[81] Acts leading to accounting errors are not criminal but may breach civil law, for example, the tort of negligence.

    The primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud and errors rests with the entity's management.[81]

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b c d e f Needles, Belverd E.; Powers, Marian (2013). Principles of Financial Accounting. Financial Accounting Series (12 ed.). Cengage Learning.
    2. ^ Accounting Research Bulletins No. 7 Reports of Committee on Terminology (Report). Committee on Accounting Procedure, American Institute of Accountants. November 1940. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
    3. ^ "Department of Accounting". Foster School of Business. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
    4. ^ a b Schipper, Katherine (2005). "The introduction of International Accounting Standards in Europe: Implications for international convergence". European Accounting Review. 14. Taylor & Francis Online: 101–126. doi:10.1080/0963818042000338013. S2CID 153931720. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
    5. ^ a b Weber, Richard P., and W. C. Stevenson. 1981. "Evaluations of Accounting Journal and Department Quality." The Accounting Review 56 (3): 596–612.
    6. ^ a b c d e f g Horngren, Charles T.; Datar, Srikant M.; Foster, George (2006), Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis (12th ed.), New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall
    7. ^ Lung, Henry (2009). Fundamentals of Financial Accounting. Elsevier.
    8. ^ DIWAN, Jaswith. ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & THEORIES. LONDON: MORRE. pp. 001–002. id# 94452.
    9. ^ a b "Auditors: Market concentration and their role, CHAPTER 1: Introduction". UK Parliament. House of Lords. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
    10. ^ a b "The move towards global standards". ifrs.org. IFRS Foundation and International Accounting Standards Board. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
    11. ^ "The importance of high quality accounting standards". Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023 – via ProQuest.
    12. ^ a b Robson, Keith. 1992. "Accounting Numbers as 'inscription': Action at a Distance and the Development of Accounting." Accounting, Organizations and Society 17 (7): 685–708.
    13. ^ a b A History of ACCOUNTANCY, New York State Society of CPAs, November 2003, archived from the original on 1 January 2015, retrieved 28 December 2013
    14. ^ The History of Accounting, University of South Australia, 30 April 2013, archived from the original on 28 December 2013, retrieved 28 December 2013
    15. ^ کشاورزی, کیخسرو (1980). تاریخ ایران از زمان باستان تا امروز (Translated from Russian by Grantovsky, E.A.) (in Persian). pp. 39–40.
    16. ^ Oldroyd, David & Dobie, Alisdair: Themes in the history of bookkeeping, The Routledge Companion to Accounting History, London, July 2008, ISBN 978-0-415-41094-6, Chapter 5, p. 96
    17. ^ Oldroyd, David (December 1995). "The role of accounting in public expenditure and monetary policy in the first century AD Roman Empire". The Accounting Historians Journal. 22 (2). Academy of Accounting Historians: 117–129. doi:10.2308/0148-4184.22.2.117. JSTOR 40698165.
    18. ^ Parker, L. M., "Medieval Traders as International Change Agents: A Comparison with Twentieth Century International Accounting Firms", The Accounting Historians Journal, 16(2) (1989): 107–118.
    19. ^ Medieval Traders as International Change Agents: a Comment, Michael Scorgie, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 137–143
    20. ^ Hamid, Shaari; Craig, Russell; Clarke, Frank (January 1995). "Bookkeeping and accounting control systems in a tenth-century Muslim administrative office". Accounting, Business & Financial History. 5 (3): 321–333. doi:10.1080/09585209500000049.
    21. ^ Danna, Rafael (5–7 April 2019). "The spread of Hindu-Arabic numerals in the tradition of European practical mathematics: A socio-economic perspective, thirteenth-sixteenth centuries". Conference: The Economic History Society.
    22. ^ Heeffer, Albrecht (November 2009). "On the curious historical coincidence of algebra and double-entry bookkeeping" (PDF). Foundations of the Formal Sciences. Ghent University. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
    23. ^ Mariotti, Steve (12 July 2013). "So, Who Invented Double Entry Bookkeeping? Luca Pacioli or Benedikt Kotruljević?". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
    24. ^ Lauwers, Luc; Willekens, Marleen (1994). "Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli" (PDF download). Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management. XXXIX (3). KU Leuven: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2011.
    25. ^ Timeline of the History of the Accountancy Profession, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, 2013, archived from the original on 11 October 2014, retrieved 28 December 2013
    26. ^ Stephen A. Zeff (2003), "How the U.S. Accounting Profession Got Where It Is Today: Part I" (PDF), Accounting Horizons, 17 (3): 189–205, doi:10.2308/acch.2003.17.3.189, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2022, retrieved 16 May 2020
    27. ^ Perks, R. W. (1993). Accounting and Society. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-412-47330-2.
    28. ^ Labardin, Pierre, and Marc Nikitin. 2009. "Accounting and the Words to Tell It: An Historical Perspective." Accounting, Business & Financial History 19 (2): 149–166.
    29. ^ a b Baladouni, Vahé. 1984. "Etymological Observations on Some Accounting Terms." The Accounting Historians Journal 11 (2): 101–109.
    30. ^ Pixley, Francis William: Accountancy—constructive and recording accountancy (Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd, London, 1900), p4
    31. ^ a b "accounting noun – definition in the Business English Dictionary". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University Press. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
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    Frequently Asked Questions

    Yes, IBB Accounting can help you navigate tax issues related to international business operations or investments. They've got the expertise to ensure you're compliant with global tax laws and optimize your financial strategies.

    You'd find that IBB Accounting's professionals hold certifications like CPA (Certified Public Accountant) and may also have specialized qualifications in international tax laws, ensuring they're well-equipped to handle your specific tax needs and challenges.

    Yes, you can get assistance with international tax issues, including dual citizenship tax obligations or foreign income reporting. Their team is equipped with the knowledge and tools to navigate the complexities of international taxation for you.